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TILs ACT对肿瘤说“不”
来源: | 作者:华赛伯曼 | 发布时间: 2022-09-07 | 531 次浏览 | 分享到:

2007年上映的电影The Bucket List 根据真实故事改编,讲述了两位身份地位悬殊的陌生人——亿万富翁爱德华和黑人汽车修理工卡特,因为身患癌症,机缘巧合之下相识结为好友。二人决定在余下的日子里,完成他们的“遗愿清单”。爱德华作为一家医疗机构的CEO,在癌症面前,与卡特一样无力。医生不可能治愈每一例患者,先进的医疗技术不可能消灭一切疾病,在那个年代,死亡仍是绝大多数晚期肿瘤患者的必然归宿。


然而,医学在不断发展,从未止步!


图1:基于T细胞的ACT疗法的里程碑式发现


癌症发生在复杂的组织微环境中,肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞之间存在着动态的相互作用。自身有效的抗肿瘤免疫过程会导致肿瘤清除,但在某些情况下,肿瘤细胞会发展出逃避肿瘤免疫监视并不受控制地繁殖的本领[1-7]


过继细胞移植(ACT)是一种基于免疫细胞的治疗方法,使用患者自身(自体移植)或供体(异体移植)免疫细胞来改善免疫功能。在早期的研究中,ACT的免疫细胞是从患者的外周血中获得的,其在作为治疗药物注入患者体内之前,会先于体外进行修饰和扩增。在人类攻克癌症的进程当中,ACT已经被开发出来,以克服免疫系统对肿瘤的低反应性,并提高抗肿瘤免疫[8-18]。而肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TILs)是从切除的肿瘤组织中收集的,在体外进行培养,以增强其效能,从而可以作为一种精准靶向的治疗药物回输至患者体内。


ACT与TILs已被证明可导致几种类型的癌症的客观肿瘤消退,包括黑色素瘤、宫颈鳞状细胞癌和胆管癌。


Rosenberg的研究小组是第一个利用TILs进行ACT的人。在小鼠肺和肝肾肿瘤的消退方面,白细胞介素2(IL-2)扩增的TILs的过继转移效果是IL-2扩增的外周血获取的淋巴细胞的50-100倍[19]。在重组IL-2的培养下,从切除的黑色素瘤中生长出来的人TILs对自体黑色素瘤具有较高的效力[20]。值得注意的是,TILs可以高效地扩增(约95,652倍),同时保持强大的抗肿瘤细胞毒性功能。使用体外产生的自体TILs的过继转移,在转移性黑色素瘤患者的初始临床试验中观察到34%的客观应答率[21]


免疫细胞ACT历史上的另一个里程碑事件,是发现淋巴细胞清除(清淋)可以显著增加转移的免疫细胞在体内的持久性。具体来说,在ACT进行前,使用60mg/kg环磷酰胺2天和25mg/m2氟达拉滨5天的消淋方案,增加了转移性黑色素瘤患者的临床反应率和生存时间[22]。在一项招募了93例患者的临床研究中,有20例(22%)显示肿瘤完全消退,其中19例在治疗3年后出现完全缓解[20]。在小鼠模型和人类模型中显示,细胞输注前的清淋,通过增强转移细胞的持久性,ACT的治疗效果也得到了提升[23]。清淋方案增强输注TILs功能的细胞和分子机制仍在研究中。


图二:TIL治疗的基本方案


再来看看TIL的治疗方案。从患者自身切除肿瘤组织,分成小块或酶消化获得单细胞悬液。Pre阶段,肿瘤碎片在高剂量的IL-2(6000IU/mL)中单独生长。然后检测在IL-2中过度生长的淋巴细胞对肿瘤的识别能力,通过将IL-2刺激的淋巴细胞和肿瘤细胞共培养来检测淋巴细胞培养物的细胞毒性。Rep阶段,在饲养细胞、CD3抗体和IL-2(3000IU/mL)中,细胞迅速扩增。使用这种方法,Rosenberg研究小组在5-6周内可收集大约1011个淋巴细胞,用于输注到患者体内。后来的研究中,又增加了细胞输注前的清淋准备方案以及患者输注细胞的同时注入720,000IU/kg IL-2的步骤,用以耐受清淋手术[15,24]


表1:TIL ACT临床试验的结果报告


根据来自 7 项共 332 名患者的单独研究的综合数据,TIL ACT 和高 IL-2 治疗的平均客观缓解率为 44%,并有49名患者为完全缓解[25]


2020年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)年会公布了66名经过大量预处理的黑色素瘤患者的数据。该研究招募的是在免疫检查点封锁和BRAF抑制等多种既往治疗中取得进展的患者,他们也表现出高肿瘤负荷,许多患者有肝脏和大脑病变。值得注意的是,在清淋和IL-2方案[26]后,总缓解率为36.4%。


Iovance Biotherapeutics开发的另一种TIL产品LN-145在27例之前至少接受过一次化疗的晚期宫颈癌患者中显示出了良好的初步疗效。根据2019年ASCO的一份报告,观察到了44%的客观缓解率,其中包括1个完全缓解和9个部分缓解。相比之下,已批准的二线化疗和免疫治疗对这些患者的客观反应率在4-14%之间[27]


有一些临床证据表明,TIL ACT可能对黑色素瘤和宫颈癌以外的肿瘤患者有效。一项评估TIL ACT治疗转移性NSCLC的I期临床试验的初步结果是非常令人鼓舞的[28]。在这项研究中,95%的患者成功扩增了TILs。共纳入20例患者,其中13例有证据显示了尼鲁单抗治疗的进展。患者接受清淋治疗后,进行TIL ACT和IL-2输注。大多数患者在使用TILs后出现肿瘤消退(TIL术后的中位时间为1.4年)。2例患者在给药1年后获得了完全缓解。


与免疫检查点阻断(ICB)类似,TIL ACT倾向于对含有病毒抗原的肿瘤有效。据报道,与HPV阴性患者[29]相比,HPV阳性转移性宫颈癌患者对TIL ACT的反应更为明显。在一项研究中,检测HPV特异性TIL ACT对任何HPV相关上皮癌患者的疗效,宫颈癌队列中客观缓解率为28%(18例患者中5例),非宫颈癌队列中为18%(11人中2例[30]


今年8月25日,Iovance Biotherapeutics宣布向FDA滚动提交TIL疗法Lifileucel的生物制品许可申请(BLA),用于PD-1/PD-L1治疗后进展的晚期黑色素瘤,预计年底完成上市申请。如果顺利获批,Lifileucel将成为首款TIL疗法产品。


随着ACT技术的发展,相信肿瘤被克服只是时间问题,总有一天,人类会对肿瘤坚定地说出“不”,那为什么不能是我们呢?


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